In the 19th century, John Dalton, through his work on stoichiometry, concluded that each element of nature was composed of a single, unique type of particle. The idea that all matter is fundamentally composed of elementary particles dates from at least the 6th century BC. Main article: History of subatomic physics In recent years, measurements of neutrino mass have provided the first experimental deviations from the Standard Model, since neutrinos are massless in the Standard Model. However, most particle physicists believe that it is an incomplete description of nature and that a more fundamental theory awaits discovery (See Theory of Everything). The Standard Model has been found to agree with almost all the experimental tests conducted to date. Those elementary particles can combine to form composite particles, accounting for the hundreds of other species of particles that have been discovered since the 1960s. The Standard Model, as currently formulated, has 61 elementary particles. Īll particles and their interactions observed to date can be described almost entirely by a quantum field theory called the Standard Model. Following the convention of particle physicists, the term elementary particles is applied to those particles that are, according to current understanding, presumed to be indivisible and not composed of other particles. In more technical terms, they are described by quantum state vectors in a Hilbert space, which is also treated in quantum field theory. ĭynamics of particles are also governed by quantum mechanics they exhibit wave–particle duality, displaying particle-like behaviour under certain experimental conditions and wave-like behaviour in others. Modern particle physics research is focused on subatomic particles, including atomic constituents, such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are composite particles called baryons, made of quarks), that are produced by radioactive and scattering processes such particles are photons, neutrinos, and muons, as well as a wide range of exotic particles.
Total number of (known) elementary particles: More details can be found here.Subatomic particles Elementary Particles
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